(mysqli): SELECT * FROM sessions WHERE session_id = 'fc76d16de227aa05961a7b2dd0a98773'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM journals WHERE path = 'ajhse'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM journal_settings WHERE journal_id = '1'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM site
(mysqli): SET time_zone = '+0:00'
(mysqli): SELECT v.*
FROM versions v LEFT JOIN plugin_settings ps ON
lower(v.product_class_name) = ps.plugin_name
AND ps.setting_name = 'enabled' AND (context_id = '1' OR v.sitewide = 1)
WHERE v.current = 1 AND (ps.setting_value = '1' OR v.lazy_load <> 1)
(mysqli): SELECT setting_name, setting_value, setting_type FROM plugin_settings WHERE plugin_name = 'defaultthemeplugin' AND context_id = 1
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM journals WHERE path = 'ajhse'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM journal_settings WHERE journal_id = '1'
(mysqli): SELECT c.* FROM journals c
WHERE c.enabled = 1 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM navigation_menu_items WHERE path = 'article/view/141' and context_id = 1 and type= 'NMI_TYPE_CUSTOM'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.generic.usageStats.UsageStatsLoader'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.generic.usageStats.UsageStatsLoader'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.doaj.DOAJInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.crossref.CrossrefInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.datacite.DataciteInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.medra.MedraInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.generic.usageStats.UsageStatsLoader'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.doaj.DOAJInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.crossref.CrossrefInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.datacite.DataciteInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.medra.MedraInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.generic.usageStats.UsageStatsLoader'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.doaj.DOAJInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.crossref.CrossrefInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.datacite.DataciteInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.medra.MedraInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.generic.usageStats.UsageStatsLoader'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.doaj.DOAJInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.crossref.CrossrefInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.datacite.DataciteInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.medra.MedraInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.generic.usageStats.UsageStatsLoader'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.doaj.DOAJInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.crossref.CrossrefInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.datacite.DataciteInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.medra.MedraInfoSender'
(mysqli): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'lib.pkp.classes.task.ReviewReminder'
(mysqli): SELECT ps.*,
s.*,
COALESCE(stl.setting_value, stpl.setting_value) AS section_title,
COALESCE(sal.setting_value, sapl.setting_value) AS section_abbrev
FROM published_submissions ps
JOIN submissions s ON ps.submission_id = s.submission_id
JOIN sections se ON se.section_id = s.section_id
LEFT JOIN section_settings stpl ON (se.section_id = stpl.section_id AND stpl.setting_name = 'title' AND stpl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings stl ON (se.section_id = stl.section_id AND stl.setting_name = 'title' AND stl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings sapl ON (se.section_id = sapl.section_id AND sapl.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sapl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings sal ON (se.section_id = sal.section_id AND sal.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sal.locale = 'en_US')INNER JOIN submission_settings sst ON s.submission_id = sst.submission_id
WHERE sst.setting_name = 'pub-id::publisher-id' AND sst.setting_value = '141' ORDER BY ps.issue_id, s.submission_id
(mysqli): SELECT ps.*,
s.*,
COALESCE(stl.setting_value, stpl.setting_value) AS section_title,
COALESCE(sal.setting_value, sapl.setting_value) AS section_abbrev
FROM published_submissions ps
JOIN submissions s ON (ps.submission_id = s.submission_id)
JOIN sections se ON se.section_id = s.section_id
LEFT JOIN section_settings stpl ON (se.section_id = stpl.section_id AND stpl.setting_name = 'title' AND stpl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings stl ON (se.section_id = stl.section_id AND stl.setting_name = 'title' AND stl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings sapl ON (se.section_id = sapl.section_id AND sapl.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sapl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings sal ON (se.section_id = sal.section_id AND sal.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sal.locale = 'en_US')
WHERE s.submission_id = 141
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM submission_settings WHERE submission_id = '141'
(mysqli): SELECT sf.*, g.*
FROM submission_galleys g
LEFT JOIN submission_files sf ON (g.file_id = sf.file_id)
LEFT JOIN submission_files nsf ON (nsf.file_id = g.file_id AND nsf.revision > sf.revision)
WHERE g.submission_id = 141
AND nsf.file_id IS NULL
ORDER BY g.seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM submission_galley_settings WHERE galley_id = '27'
(mysqli): SELECT i.*
FROM issues i INNER JOIN issue_settings ist ON i.issue_id = ist.issue_id
WHERE ist.setting_name = 'pub-id::publisher-id' AND ist.setting_value = '4' ORDER BY i.issue_id
(mysqli): SELECT i.* FROM issues i WHERE issue_id = 4
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM issue_settings WHERE issue_id = '4'
(mysqli): SELECT sf.*, g.*
FROM submission_galleys g
LEFT JOIN submission_files sf ON (g.file_id = sf.file_id)
LEFT JOIN submission_files nsf ON (nsf.file_id = g.file_id AND nsf.revision > sf.revision)
WHERE g.galley_id = 0
AND nsf.file_id IS NULL AND g.submission_id = 141
(mysqli):
SELECT iss.subscription_id
FROM institutional_subscriptions iss
JOIN subscriptions s ON (iss.subscription_id = s.subscription_id)
JOIN subscription_types st ON (s.type_id = st.type_id)
WHERE POSITION(UPPER(LPAD(iss.domain, LENGTH(iss.domain)+1, '.')) IN UPPER(LPAD('ec2-18-189-141-81.us-east-2.compute.amazonaws.com', LENGTH('ec2-18-189-141-81.us-east-2.compute.amazonaws.com')+1, '.'))) != 0
AND iss.domain != ''
AND s.journal_id = 1
AND s.status = 1
AND st.institutional = 1
AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2024-10-22 12:40:35' >= s.date_start AND '2024-10-22 12:40:35' <= s.date_end)))
AND (st.format = 1
OR st.format = 17)
(mysqli): SELECT isip.subscription_id
FROM institutional_subscription_ip isip
JOIN subscriptions s ON (isip.subscription_id = s.subscription_id)
JOIN subscription_types st ON (s.type_id = st.type_id)
WHERE ((isip.ip_end IS NOT NULL
AND '314412369' >= isip.ip_start AND '314412369' <= isip.ip_end
AND s.journal_id = 1
AND s.status = 1
AND st.institutional = 1
AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2024-10-22 12:40:35' >= s.date_start AND '2024-10-22 12:40:35' <= s.date_end)))
AND (st.format = 1
OR st.format = 17))
OR (isip.ip_end IS NULL
AND '314412369' = isip.ip_start
AND s.journal_id = 1
AND s.status = 1
AND st.institutional = 1
AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2024-10-22 12:40:35' >= s.date_start AND '2024-10-22 12:40:35' <= s.date_end)))
AND (st.format = 1
OR st.format = 17)))
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM genres
WHERE enabled = 1 AND context_id = 1 AND dependent = 0 AND supplementary = 0
ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM genre_settings WHERE genre_id = '13'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM genre_settings WHERE genre_id = '14'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM genre_settings WHERE genre_id = '15'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM genre_settings WHERE genre_id = '16'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM genre_settings WHERE genre_id = '17'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM genre_settings WHERE genre_id = '18'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM genres
WHERE enabled = 1 AND context_id = 1 AND supplementary = 1
ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM sections WHERE section_id = 1
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM section_settings WHERE section_id = '1'
(mysqli): SELECT *
FROM citations
WHERE submission_id = 141
ORDER BY seq, citation_id
(mysqli): INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs
(symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id)
VALUES
('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141)
Query: INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs
(symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id)
VALUES
('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141) failed. Duplicate entry 'submissionKeyword-1048585-141' for key 'controlled_vocab_symbolic'
1062: Duplicate entry 'submissionKeyword-1048585-141' for key 'controlled_vocab_symbolic'
ADOConnection._Execute(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES ('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141)) % line 1032, file: adodb.inc.php
ADOConnection.Execute(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES ('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141), Array[1]) % line 228, file: DAO.inc.php
DAO.update(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES (?, ?, ?), Array[3], true, false) % line 99, file: ControlledVocabDAO.inc.php
ControlledVocabDAO.insertObject(Object:ControlledVocab, false) % line 60, file: ControlledVocabDAO.inc.php
ControlledVocabDAO._build(submissionKeyword, 1048585, 141) % line 30, file: SubmissionKeywordDAO.inc.php
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM controlled_vocabs WHERE symbolic = 'submissionKeyword' AND assoc_type = 1048585 AND assoc_id = 141
(mysqli): SELECT cve.* FROM controlled_vocab_entries cve WHERE cve.controlled_vocab_id = 630 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM controlled_vocab_entry_settings WHERE controlled_vocab_entry_id = '481'
(mysqli): SELECT ps.*,
s.*,
COALESCE(stl.setting_value, stpl.setting_value) AS section_title,
COALESCE(sal.setting_value, sapl.setting_value) AS section_abbrev
FROM published_submissions ps
JOIN submissions s ON ps.submission_id = s.submission_id
JOIN sections se ON se.section_id = s.section_id
LEFT JOIN section_settings stpl ON (se.section_id = stpl.section_id AND stpl.setting_name = 'title' AND stpl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings stl ON (se.section_id = stl.section_id AND stl.setting_name = 'title' AND stl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings sapl ON (se.section_id = sapl.section_id AND sapl.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sapl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings sal ON (se.section_id = sal.section_id AND sal.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sal.locale = 'en_US')INNER JOIN submission_settings sst ON s.submission_id = sst.submission_id
WHERE sst.setting_name = 'pub-id::publisher-id' AND sst.setting_value = '141' ORDER BY ps.issue_id, s.submission_id
(mysqli): SELECT ps.*,
s.*,
COALESCE(stl.setting_value, stpl.setting_value) AS section_title,
COALESCE(sal.setting_value, sapl.setting_value) AS section_abbrev
FROM published_submissions ps
JOIN submissions s ON (ps.submission_id = s.submission_id)
JOIN sections se ON se.section_id = s.section_id
LEFT JOIN section_settings stpl ON (se.section_id = stpl.section_id AND stpl.setting_name = 'title' AND stpl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings stl ON (se.section_id = stl.section_id AND stl.setting_name = 'title' AND stl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings sapl ON (se.section_id = sapl.section_id AND sapl.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sapl.locale = 'en_US')
LEFT JOIN section_settings sal ON (se.section_id = sal.section_id AND sal.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sal.locale = 'en_US')
WHERE s.submission_id = 141
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM submission_settings WHERE submission_id = '141'
(mysqli): SELECT sf.*, g.*
FROM submission_galleys g
LEFT JOIN submission_files sf ON (g.file_id = sf.file_id)
LEFT JOIN submission_files nsf ON (nsf.file_id = g.file_id AND nsf.revision > sf.revision)
WHERE g.submission_id = 141
AND nsf.file_id IS NULL
ORDER BY g.seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM submission_galley_settings WHERE galley_id = '27'
(mysqli):
SELECT iss.subscription_id
FROM institutional_subscriptions iss
JOIN subscriptions s ON (iss.subscription_id = s.subscription_id)
JOIN subscription_types st ON (s.type_id = st.type_id)
WHERE POSITION(UPPER(LPAD(iss.domain, LENGTH(iss.domain)+1, '.')) IN UPPER(LPAD('ec2-18-189-141-81.us-east-2.compute.amazonaws.com', LENGTH('ec2-18-189-141-81.us-east-2.compute.amazonaws.com')+1, '.'))) != 0
AND iss.domain != ''
AND s.journal_id = 1
AND s.status = 1
AND st.institutional = 1
AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2024-10-22 12:40:35' >= s.date_start AND '2024-10-22 12:40:35' <= s.date_end)))
AND (st.format = 1
OR st.format = 17)
(mysqli): SELECT isip.subscription_id
FROM institutional_subscription_ip isip
JOIN subscriptions s ON (isip.subscription_id = s.subscription_id)
JOIN subscription_types st ON (s.type_id = st.type_id)
WHERE ((isip.ip_end IS NOT NULL
AND '314412369' >= isip.ip_start AND '314412369' <= isip.ip_end
AND s.journal_id = 1
AND s.status = 1
AND st.institutional = 1
AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2024-10-22 12:40:35' >= s.date_start AND '2024-10-22 12:40:35' <= s.date_end)))
AND (st.format = 1
OR st.format = 17))
OR (isip.ip_end IS NULL
AND '314412369' = isip.ip_start
AND s.journal_id = 1
AND s.status = 1
AND st.institutional = 1
AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2024-10-22 12:40:35' >= s.date_start AND '2024-10-22 12:40:35' <= s.date_end)))
AND (st.format = 1
OR st.format = 17)))
(mysqli): SELECT a.*, ug.show_title, s.locale
FROM authors a
JOIN user_groups ug ON (a.user_group_id=ug.user_group_id)
JOIN submissions s ON (s.submission_id = a.submission_id)
WHERE a.submission_id = 141 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '245'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '246'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '247'
(mysqli): SELECT a.*, ug.show_title, s.locale
FROM authors a
JOIN user_groups ug ON (a.user_group_id=ug.user_group_id)
JOIN submissions s ON (s.submission_id = a.submission_id)
WHERE a.submission_id = 141 AND a.include_in_browse = 1 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '245'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '246'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '247'
(mysqli): INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs
(symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id)
VALUES
('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141)
Query: INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs
(symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id)
VALUES
('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141) failed. Duplicate entry 'submissionKeyword-1048585-141' for key 'controlled_vocab_symbolic'
1062: Duplicate entry 'submissionKeyword-1048585-141' for key 'controlled_vocab_symbolic'
ADOConnection._Execute(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES ('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141)) % line 1032, file: adodb.inc.php
ADOConnection.Execute(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES ('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141), Array[1]) % line 228, file: DAO.inc.php
DAO.update(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES (?, ?, ?), Array[3], true, false) % line 99, file: ControlledVocabDAO.inc.php
ControlledVocabDAO.insertObject(Object:ControlledVocab, false) % line 60, file: ControlledVocabDAO.inc.php
ControlledVocabDAO._build(submissionKeyword, 1048585, 141) % line 30, file: SubmissionKeywordDAO.inc.php
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM controlled_vocabs WHERE symbolic = 'submissionKeyword' AND assoc_type = 1048585 AND assoc_id = 141
(mysqli): SELECT cve.* FROM controlled_vocab_entries cve WHERE cve.controlled_vocab_id = 630 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM controlled_vocab_entry_settings WHERE controlled_vocab_entry_id = '481'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM sections WHERE section_id = 1
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM section_settings WHERE section_id = '1'
(mysqli): SELECT a.*, ug.show_title, s.locale
FROM authors a
JOIN user_groups ug ON (a.user_group_id=ug.user_group_id)
JOIN submissions s ON (s.submission_id = a.submission_id)
WHERE a.submission_id = 141 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '245'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '246'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '247'
(mysqli): INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs
(symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id)
VALUES
('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141)
Query: INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs
(symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id)
VALUES
('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141) failed. Duplicate entry 'submissionKeyword-1048585-141' for key 'controlled_vocab_symbolic'
1062: Duplicate entry 'submissionKeyword-1048585-141' for key 'controlled_vocab_symbolic'
ADOConnection._Execute(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES ('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141)) % line 1032, file: adodb.inc.php
ADOConnection.Execute(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES ('submissionKeyword', 1048585, 141), Array[1]) % line 228, file: DAO.inc.php
DAO.update(INSERT INTO controlled_vocabs (symbolic, assoc_type, assoc_id) VALUES (?, ?, ?), Array[3], true, false) % line 99, file: ControlledVocabDAO.inc.php
ControlledVocabDAO.insertObject(Object:ControlledVocab, false) % line 60, file: ControlledVocabDAO.inc.php
ControlledVocabDAO._build(submissionKeyword, 1048585, 141) % line 30, file: SubmissionKeywordDAO.inc.php
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM controlled_vocabs WHERE symbolic = 'submissionKeyword' AND assoc_type = 1048585 AND assoc_id = 141
(mysqli): SELECT cve.* FROM controlled_vocab_entries cve WHERE cve.controlled_vocab_id = 630 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM controlled_vocab_entry_settings WHERE controlled_vocab_entry_id = '481'
(mysqli): SELECT i.* FROM issues i WHERE journal_id = 1 AND current = 1
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM issue_settings WHERE issue_id = '10'
EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT FUEL TANK VAPOUR/AIR EXPLOSIONS USING JET A AND JET A / GASOLINE BLEND FUELS
| African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment
EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT FUEL TANK VAPOUR/AIR EXPLOSIONS USING JET A AND JET A / GASOLINE BLEND FUELS
(mysqli): SELECT a.*, ug.show_title, s.locale
FROM authors a
JOIN user_groups ug ON (a.user_group_id=ug.user_group_id)
JOIN submissions s ON (s.submission_id = a.submission_id)
WHERE a.submission_id = 141 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '245'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '246'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '247'
(mysqli): SELECT a.*, ug.show_title, s.locale
FROM authors a
JOIN user_groups ug ON (a.user_group_id=ug.user_group_id)
JOIN submissions s ON (s.submission_id = a.submission_id)
WHERE a.submission_id = 141 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '245'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '246'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '247'
A. M. Na'inna
Air Force Institute of Technology, Nigerian Air Force, Nigeria
N. P. Herodotos
Energy Research Institute University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
E. A. Gordon
Energy Research Institute University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Keywords:
Aircraft fuel tank, Vapour-air explosions, Jet a fuel, Jet b fuel, Flashpoint
Abstract
The potential of a fuel tank explosion is a well-known hazard in the aircraft industry. In this study, an investigation of a lab scale aircraft fuel tank in a flight situation at varying initial pressures of 400 - 1,000 mbar (equivalent to altitudes of 0 - 22,300 ft) and at variable temperatures was conducted in a 100-litre cylindrical test rig. A standard Jet A fuel and with a type Jet B fuel (which in this case was a Jet A with 10% of gasoline by mass) were used. Their flashpoints were measured to be 45oC (Jet A) and 20 oC (Jet B). In the simulated fuel tank explosions ignition occurred when the fuel liquid temperature was much higher than the flash point - 71 – 107 oC depending on initial pressure (altitude) for Jet A and 57 – 95 oC for the more volatile Jet B. The resulting maximum explosion overpressures were high, ranging from 0.7 to 5.8 bar, much higher than typical design strengths of aircraft fuel tanks, and much stronger than anticipated overpressures on the basis of ignition at or close to the lower flammability limit (LFL). It is postulated that these pressures are due to the distance between the liquid fuel surface and the ignition point and the formation of a vapour cloud with decreasing concentration with height above the fuel (being at LFL at the ignition point) and hence an overall concentration much higher than LFL. This demonstrated that severe explosions are fuel tanks are likely and the assumption that the explosion will be a near lean limit event is not safe. The work also provided explosion severity index data which can be used in design of suppression and venting systems for the mitigation of aircraft fuel tank explosions and provided other quantitative data to help manage this explosion risk appropriately.
(mysqli): SELECT COUNT(*) FROM plugin_settings WHERE plugin_name = 'usagestatsplugin' AND context_id = 1 AND setting_name = 'displayStatistics'
(mysqli): SELECT setting_name, setting_value, setting_type FROM plugin_settings WHERE plugin_name = 'usagestatsplugin' AND context_id = 1
(mysqli): SELECT a.*, ug.show_title, s.locale
FROM authors a
JOIN user_groups ug ON (a.user_group_id=ug.user_group_id)
JOIN submissions s ON (s.submission_id = a.submission_id)
WHERE a.submission_id = 141 ORDER BY seq
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '245'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '246'
(mysqli): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '247'
Na’inna, A. M., Herodotos, N. P., & Gordon, E. A. (2021). EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT FUEL TANK VAPOUR/AIR EXPLOSIONS USING JET A AND JET A / GASOLINE BLEND FUELS. African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 2(2), 55 - 71. https://doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v2i2.141